African Burial Ground: An American Discovery || Trailer - YouTube

African Burial Ground: An American Discovery || Trailer - YouTube

SONG SEARCHING

RIVERS OF MY FATHER'S

THESE AFRICAN ARE INNOCENT THEY HAVE NOT COMMITTED ANY INTERNATIONAL CRIMES YET THE ARE IMPRISONED AS SLAVES.

" WE COMING TO WASHINGTON TO PICK UP OUR CHECK"

message to the White Man.

http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=1817748223034

The 10 est arguments white people have against Reparations is as ignorant as slavery was.

The Controversial Anti-Reparations Ad by David Horowitz(Posted 3/12/01) Site Index: Bottom This advertisement by David Horowitz enumerates the most obvious flaws in thereparations for slavery movement.  The ad has been censored by numerous newspapers which have refused to publish it out of fear of reprisal from racial extortionists.  Back: Main Reparations Page (The following is a ver batim copy of the text of David Horowitz's controversial advertisement. Editor) Ten Reasons Why Reparations for Blacks is a Bad Idea for Blacks - and Racist, Too! One There Is No Single Group Clearly Responsible For The Crime Of Slavery           Black Africans and Arabs were responsible for enslaving the ancestors of African-Americans. There were 3,000 black slave-owners in the ante-bellum United States. Are reparations to be paid by their descendants too? Two There Is No One Group That Benefited Exclusively From Its Fruits           The claim for reparations is premised on the false assumption that only whites have benefited from slavery. If slave labor created wealth for Americans, then obviously it has created wealth for black Americans as well, including the descendants of slaves. The GNP of black America is so large that it makes the African-American community the 10th most prosperous "nation" in the world. American blacks on average enjoy per capita incomes in the range of twenty to fifty times that of blacks living in any of the African nations from which they were kidnapped. Three Only A Tiny Minority Of White Americans Ever Owned Slaves, And Others Gave Their Lives To Free Them           Only a tiny minority of Americans ever owned slaves. This is true even for those who lived in the ante-bellum South where only one white in five was a slaveholder. Why should their descendants owe a debt? What about the descendants of the 350,000 Union soldiers who died to free the slaves? They gave their lives. What possible moral principle would ask them to pay (through their descendants) again? Four America Today Is A Multi-Ethnic Nation and Most Americans Have No Connection (Direct Or Indirect) To Slavery           The two great waves of American immigration occurred after 1880 and then after 1960. What rationale would require Vietnamese boat people, Russian refuseniks, Iranian refugees, and Armenian victims of the Turkish persecution, Jews, Mexicans Greeks, or Polish, Hungarian, Cambodian and Korean victims of Communism, to pay reparations to American blacks? Five The Historical Precedents Used To Justify The Reparations Claim Do Not Apply, And The Claim Itself Is Based On Race Not Injury           The historical precedents generally invoked to justify the reparations claim are payments to Jewish survivors of the Holocaust, Japanese-Americans and African- American victims of racial experiments in Tuskegee, or racial outrages in Rosewood and Oklahoma City. But in each case, the recipients of reparations were the direct victims of the injustice or their immediate families. This would be the only case of reparations to people who were not immediately affected and whose sole qualification to receive reparations would be racial. As has already been pointed out, during the slavery era, many blacks were free men or slave-owners themselves, yet the reparations claimants make no distinction between the roles blacks actually played in the injustice itself. Randall Robinson's book on reparations, The Debt, which is the manifesto of the reparations movement is pointedly sub-titled "What America Owes To Blacks." If this is not racism, what is? Six The Reparations Argument Is Based On The Unfounded Claim That All African-American Descendants of Slaves Suffer From The Economic Consequences Of Slavery And Discrimination           No evidence-based attempt has been made to prove that living individuals have been adversely affected by a slave system that was ended over 150 years ago. But there is plenty of evidence the hardships that occurred were hardships that individuals could and did overcome. The black middle-class in America is a prosperous community that is now larger in absolute terms than the black underclass. Does its existence not suggest that economic adversity is the result of failures of individual character rather than the lingering after-effects of racial discrimination and a slave system that ceased to exist well over a century ago? West Indian blacks in America are also descended from slaves but their average incomes are equivalent to the average incomes of whites (and nearly 25% higher than the average incomes of American born blacks). How is it that slavery adversely affected one large group of descendants but not the other? How can government be expected to decide an issue that is so subjective - and yet so critical - to the case? Seven The Reparations Claim Is One More Attempt To Turn African-Americans Into Victims. It Sends A Damaging Message To The African-American Community.           The renewed sense of grievance -- which is what the claim for reparations will inevitably create -- is neither a constructive nor a helpful message for black leaders to be sending to their communities and to others. To focus the social passions of African-Americans on what some Americans may have done to their ancestors fifty or a hundred and fifty years ago is to burden them with a crippling sense of victim-hood. How are the millions of refugees from tyranny and genocide who are now living in America going to receive these claims, moreover, except as demands for special treatment, an extravagant new handout that is only necessary because some blacks can't seem to locate the ladder of opportunity within reach of others -- many less privileged than themselves? Eight Reparations To African Americans Have Already Been Paid           Since the passage of the Civil Rights Acts and the advent of the Great Society in 1965, trillions of dollars in transfer payments have been made to African-Americans in the form of welfare benefits and racial preferences (in contracts, job placements and educational admissions) - all under the rationale of redressing historic racial grievances. It is said that reparations are necessary to achieve a healing between African-Americans and other Americans. If trillion dollar restitutions and a wholesale rewriting of American law (in order to accommodate racial preferences) for African-Americans is not enough to achieve a "healing," what will? Nine What About The Debt Blacks Owe To America?           Slavery existed for thousands of years before the Atlantic slave trade was born, and in all societies. But in the thousand years of its existence, there never was an anti-slavery movement until white Christians - Englishmen and Americans -- created one. If not for the anti-slavery attitudes and military power of white Englishmen and Americans, the slave trade would not have been brought to an end. If not for the sacrifices of white soldiers and a white American president who gave his life to sign the Emancipation Proclamation, blacks in America would still be slaves. If not for the dedication of Americans of all ethnicities and colors to a society based on the principle that all men are created equal, blacks in America would not enjoy the highest standard of living of blacks anywhere in the world, and indeed one of the highest standards of living of any people in the world. They would not enjoy the greatest freedoms and the most thoroughly protected individual rights anywhere. Where is the gratitude of black America and its leaders for those gifts? Ten The Reparations Claim Is A Separatist Idea That Sets African-Americans Against The Nation That Gave Them Freedom           Blacks were here before the Mayflower. Who is more American than the descendants of African slaves? For the African-American community to isolate itself even further from America is to embark on a course whose implications are troubling. Yet the African-American community has had a long-running flirtation with separatists, nationalists and the political left, who want African-Americans to be no part of America's social contract. African Americans should reject this temptation.           For all America's faults, African-Americans have an enormous stake in their country and its heritage. It is this heritage that is really under attack by the reparations movement. The reparations claim is one more assault on America, conducted by racial separatists and the political left. It is an attack not only on white Americans, but on all Americans -- especially African-Americans.           America's African-American citizens are the richest and most privileged black people alive -- a bounty that is a direct result of the heritage that is under assault. The American idea needs the support of its African-American citizens. But African-Americans also need the support of the American idea. For it is this idea that led to the principles and institutions that have set African-Americans - and all of us -- free. (The preceding is a ver batim copy of the text of David Horowitz's controversial advertisement. Editor) END The Censored Anti-Reparations Ad MAIN Reparations Page Reparations: More Historic Facts Against Reparations Reparations: NEWER Summaries and Links Reparations: OLDER News Summaries and Links The Censored Anti-Reparations Ad03-12-01 Main Site Index:

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Attempts to justify slavery

A number of arguments have been put forward to try and justify slavery. None of them would find much favour today, but at various times in history many people found some of these arguments entirely reasonable.

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Attempts to justify slavery

People defended slavery as natural or beneficial ©

Attempts to justify slavery

Virtually everyone agrees that slavery is inhumane and degrading and wrong, but since for much of history many people defended it, it's important to demonstrate why it's wrong.

Trying to justify slavery

A number of arguments have been put forward to try and justify slavery. None of them would find much favour today, but at various times in history many people found some of these arguments entirely reasonable.

It's natural that some people are slaves

This argument says that some people are slaves as part of the natural order of the universe, or as part of God's plan, and it is wrong to interfere with this by abolishing slavery - nobody nowadays regards slavery as a natural thing.

But if this argument was to be used then there would have to be some certain way of distinguishing natural slaves from those who should not be enslaved - without such a method injustice is sure to occur. No such test is possible, although past cultures thought there could be such tests.

Slaves are inferior beings

This argument says that even if slavery is cruel and degrading, slaves are not fully human and so their suffering is as ethically important or unimportant as the suffering of domestic animals and they do not have any rights that would justify the abolition of slavery.

Some people take the argument further and say that slaves are beings who are so inferior that they deserve to be enslaved.

This argument has often developed into racism to justify the enslavement of certain population groups - some of the defenders of the Atlantic slave trade argued that slavery was the proper place for people of African descent.

These arguments have been used in very recent times to justify enslaving particular racial groups.

This group of arguments is nowadays regarded as completely misguided.

Slavery is good for slaves

This argument teaches that slaves lack the ability to run their own lives and are therefore better-off and happier in a system where their lives are run by others.

Modern society is unenthusiastic about such 'paternalistic' arguments.

Slavery would be too difficult to abolish

This probably is the reason why some cultures chose to tolerate slavery while trying to eradicate many of the more cruel practices - but it is not a justification for slavery.

Slaves are essential to certain industries

A number of past industries have depended on slave labour, and the employers claimed that abolishing slavery would be economically disastrous.

This argument isn't an ethical one and isn't backed up by examples.

There is also a strong counter-argument that the use of slave labour can force non-slave workers and businesses that don't use slavery out of business or into serious hardship.

Slavery is acceptable in this culture

Slavery was generally accepted by the majority in some societies - if ethics is a matter of public opinion (Cultural Ethical Relativism) then some would say that slavery was ethically OK in those societies where it was the cultural norm.

This sort of argument is a key reason why many people oppose CER.

Slavery is a useful form of punishment

Some cultures have used enslavement as a punishment.

Even if this were an acceptable argument, it would only cover a tiny fraction of cases and would not justify slavery in general.

Slavery is legal

This is no argument at all - things can be legal and unethical at the same time.

Abolishing slavery would threaten the structure of society

This argument was popular at some periods - but it was perhaps an argument that a particular society was ethically flawed and needed reorganisation.

Since no modern society is based on slavery it has no application.

Living in slavery is better than starving to death

In circumstances of extreme poverty, living in slavery may be the least bad available option.

While slavery may be the least bad option for an individual, this doesn't justify slavery, but indicates that action should be taken to provide other better options to individuals.

Free men should be able to become slaves if they want to

It can be argued that this sort of slavery isn't real slavery until some form of coercion is involved.

Since it would only apply to a tiny proportion of cases of 'slavery' it is not a justification for slavery itself.

By and large people aren't concerned about the ethics of voluntary slavery; what concerns them is the situation where people are forced to become slaves, or where people who have chosen to be slaves are prevented from regaining their freedom.

We also need to be alert to cases where people are conditioned to find slavery acceptable, and where it can be argued that their choice is not a free one.

Finally, if free people choose to become slaves they may weaken the general prohibition against slavery, and this would be a bad thing.

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enslaved and free Africans in 16th and 17th century New York, as well as efforts to preserve the sacred burial ground. There is also a 40-person theater. Tours: National Park Service Ranger site tours of the commemorative artwork and memorial are offered to the public free of charge Monday-Friday, at 10am and 2pm. Groups are urged to make reservations for tours to ensure adequate preparation and ranger availability. Download our FREE audio walking tour, This Hallowed Ground, to learn more about the forgotten history of Africans in New York. Visitor information African Burial Ground National Park Service 212-637-2019 HOURS Monday-Friday: 9am-5pm. ACCESSIBILITY The memorial and visitor center are wheelchair accessible. LOCATION 290 Broadway, Manhattan. Nearby attractions City Hall Federal Hall Lower East Side Tenement Museum

African Burial Ground National Monument A memorial marking an African slave graveyard of colonial New York The African Burial Ground has been called the most important archaeological find of the twentieth century. Opened to the public in 2007, this sacred site dating back to the 17th century is an important reminder of a dark yet forgotten period in America's history. The African Burial Ground National Monument gives voice to the free and enslaved African men, women and children who lived and died in New York in the 17th and 18th centuries and greatly contributed to the growth of New York City; although slavery is most often associated with the South, on the eve of the American Revolution, New York City actually had the largest population of enslaved Africans after Charleston, South Carolina. In fact, slaves comprised roughly twenty-five percent of colonial New York's labor force. Designated as a national monument in 2006 by President Bush, the African Burial Ground is the only U.S. national monument that memorializes the struggles of Africans and African descendants. In 1991 an estimated 15,000 free and enslaved Africans were unearthed during the construction of the Ted Weiss federal building in Lower Manhattan. Upon the controversial discovery of this seven-acre burial ground—the oldest and largest African cemetery excavated in all of North America—construction was quickly halted. Four hundred and nineteen ancestral remains were removed from the site and taken to Howard University for scientific study. Following examination, these remains were ceremoniously re-interred on October 4, 2003 at the African Burial Ground National Monument. Prominent African American leaders led a funeral procession on Broadway in Lower Manhattan. The outdoor memorial designed by Rodney Leon at the African Burial Ground is a living tribute to past, present and future generations of Africans and African descendants. In February 2010, a new visitor center and exhibition opened on the ground floor of the Ted Weiss Federal Building at 290 Broadway. Included in the exhibit is a short film about the history of the graveyard as well as the more recent controversial events surrounding the site's discovery and construction. History, archaeology, biology, culture, spirituality, and community intertwine to not only educate visitors about this little-know piece of New York's history but also encourage reflection, awareness, and remembrance.